Medicine
Change is a fundamental characteristic of all living things. The human body during its life cycle accordingly passes through various phases of form and structure. In the earliest embryonic phases of development, the changes are very rapid, decreasing in rapidity during the later fetal stages, but continuing at a diminishing rate throughout infancy, childhood and youth up to the adult. Following the acme of maturity, changes continue which lead gradually to senescence and final death of the body.
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The osseous structure is peculiarly fitted, by its solidity and hardness, not only to give support to the soft parts, but also to furnish points of attachment to the muscles, by which the different movements are executed. This solid framework of the body is made up of a number of separate pieces, the aggregate of which has been termed " the skeleton" (sceletum, σχελλω, to dry.)
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The digestive apparatus includes the actual intestinal tract, taking those words in their widest sense, and according to its development this tract may be divided into four portions: The oral cavity; the foregut; the midgut; the hindgut.
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Anatomical area which attaches the thoracic member to the trunk.
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There may be recognized in the nose a base, which is directed downward, and a root, situated between the two orbits; the rounded anterior surface is directed forward and upward and is termed the dorsum, and it terminates in the tip of the nose, or apex nasi. The margins representing the lower borders of the base pass backward from the tip to form the alee, and they constitute the lateral boundaries of the nostrils (nares), which are separated from each other by the antero-inferior portion of the nasal septum, the membranous septum.
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Osteology is the study of the bones which form the various parts of the skeleton.
The bones are joined together between them by articulations, they form the frame of the body, passive part of the locomotor apparatus whose muscles form the driving elements of them.
The bones have for certain in more one role of protection of internal organs: cranium, rib cage.
The skeleton includes/understands, a cartilagineuse part and an osseous part.
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The spine (vertebral column) consists of thirty-three superimposed bones termed vertebrae. Of these the upper twenty-four remain separate throughout life and form three groups. The first seven are called cervical, the succeeding twelve thoracic (dorsal), and the last five lumbar. In adult life the last nine vertebras ankylose to form two composite bones named the sacrum and the coccyx. The sacrum is formed by the fusion of five vertebrae from the twenty-fifth to the twenty-ninth inclusive; the four terminal are vestigial, and form the coccyx. In order to gain a general notion of the characters of a vertebra, it is desirable to select a bone from the middle of the thoracic series.
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In order to study the interior of the skull it is necessary to make sections in three directions, sagittal, coronal and horizontal.
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The hand skeleton is made of 27 bones divided into three groups.
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The skull, when viewed from above, presents an oval outline; the posterior part is broader than the anterior. The bones seen in this view are the frontal, parietals and the interparietal portion of the occipital. In a skull of average width the zygomata come into view, but in very broad skulls they are obscured.
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The spleen is a large blood-vascular organ closely associated with the lymphatic system.