protein in or on a target cell that bind to ligands

membrane potential in a sensory receptor in response to detection of a stimulus

variation of endocytosis that involves using specific binding proteins in the plasma membrane for specific molecules or particles, and clathrin-coated pits that become clathrin-coated vesicles

trait that appears “latent” or non-expressed when the individual also carries a dominant trait for that same characteristic; when present as two identical copies, the recessive trait is expressed

inheritance pattern in which an allele is only lethal in the homozygous form; the heterozygote may be normal or have some altered, nonlethal phenotype

paired cross in which the respective traits of the male and female in one cross become the respective traits of the female and male in the other cross

combining DNA fragments that molecular cloning generates that do not exist in nature; also a chimeric molecule

a gene's protein product derived by molecular cloning

average number of crossovers between two alleles; observed as the number of nonparental types in a progeny's population

protein assemblies formed on the synaptonemal complex that mark the points of crossover events and mediate the multistep process of genetic recombination between nonsister chromatids

process of opening airways that normally remain closed when the cardiac output increases

area of the body where feces is stored until elimination

small (7–8 μm) biconcave cell without mitochondria (and in mammals without nuclei) that is packed with hemoglobin, giving the cell its red color; transports oxygen through the body

chemical reaction that consists of the coupling of an oxidation reaction and a reduction reaction

gain of electron(s) by an atom or molecule