fluid-filled space surrounding the grana inside a chloroplast where the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place

layered sedimentary structure formed by precipitation of minerals by prokaryotes in microbial mats

molecules that share a chemical formula but differ in the placement of their chemical bonds

movement of one tectonic plate beneath another

hydrocarbon chain or ring containing an atom of another element in place of one of the backbone carbons

molecule on which the enzyme acts

production of ATP from ADP using the excess energy from a chemical reaction and a phosphate group from a reactant

enzyme that breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose

(plural: sulci) indents or “valleys” in the cortex

probability of the occurrence of at least one of two mutually exclusive events is the sum of their individual probabilities

process of multiple presynaptic inputs creating EPSPs around the same time for the postsynaptic neuron to be sufficiently depolarized to fire an action potentia

paired structure in the top of the midbrain, which manages eye movements and auditory integration

drains blood from the jugular vein that comes from the brain and from the veins that come from the arms

movement of the radius and ulna bones of the forearm so that the palm faces forward

cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that plays a role in the circadian cycle