genetic disorder that affects the shape of red blood cells, and their ability to transport oxygen and move through capillaries

sieve-tube cell

method of communication between animals including those obtained by the senses of smell, hearing, sight, or touch

interaction of signals from two or more different cell-surface receptors that merge to activate the same response in the cell

short tail of amino acids that directs a protein to a specific cellular compartment

propagation of the signal through the cytoplasm (and sometimes also the nucleus) of the cell

cell that releases signal molecules that allow communication with another cell

(also signaling cascade) chain of events that occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell to propagate the signal from the plasma membrane to produce a response

mutation that is not expressed

single layer of epithelial cells

fruit that develops from a single carpel or fused carpels

leaf type in which the lamina is completely undivided or merely lobed

ecosystem model that is created with computer programs to holistically model ecosystems and to predict the effects of environmental disturbances on ecosystem structure and dynamics

variation between individuals in a single nucleotide

during replication, protein that binds to the single-stranded DNA; this helps in keeping the two strands of DNA apart so that they may serve as templates