Stomach
The stomach is a sac-like dilatation of the digestive tube intervening between the oesophagus and the intestine.
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An introduction to the Osteology
Osteology is the study of the bones which form the various parts of the skeleton.
The bones are joined together between them by articulations, they form the frame of the body, passive part of the locomotor apparatus whose muscles form the driving elements of them.
The bones have for certain in more one role of protection of internal organs: cranium, rib cage.
The skeleton includes/understands, a cartilagineuse part and an osseous part.
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Muscles of the mouth or the lips
All around the oral opening eleven muscles are laid out: one initially, of annular form, the labial or orbicular one of the lips, which governs its occlusion then a series of ten others which from the various areas of the face, come to fit on its circumference like so many convergent rays. They are, from top to bottom: the common elevator of the wing of the nose and the upper lip; the very elevator of the upper lip; the canine one; the minor zygomatic muscle; the big zygomatic; the buccinator; the risorius; the triangular one of the lips; the square of the chin; the muscle of the bunch of the chin.
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Birefringence
The light which is not absorbed is re-emitted in all directions, producing what is called scattering of the light; we mentioned the two extreme cases of total reflection and total transmission. Most cases are intermediate. If electron oscillations are equally possible in all directions, the incident unpolarized light beam will emerge essentially as it entered the suspension—except for the phase shift already mentioned. If, however, the particles or molecules in suspension are not isotropic, i.e., the electrons can oscillate more readily in one direction than in another, an incident unpolarized light beam will be split, because waves oscillating in one direction will have their phases shifted more than those oscillating in another direction. The net result is that so-called anisotropic molecules produce two plane polarized emergent beams. Since these emerge in somewhat different directions, the phenomenon is called double refraction or birefringence.
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Trematoda
Distoma hepaticum, or Fasciola hepatica of liver-rot in sheep, occurs much more rarely in man. Found as flattened leaf-like worms, one-half to three-quarters of an inch long, lying curled up in the bile ducts and gall bladder. When flattened out the D. hepaticum is broader at the anterior than at the posterior end, but is prolonged into a narrow proboscis in front.
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Articulations of the trunk
There are different varieties of articulations in the trunk.
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The pain in digestive symptomatology
The abdominal pains are often the only sign for which the patient consults.
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Articulations of the the upper extremity
Important for the orientation of the hand in space. They gather five articulations: three drift true and two spaces.
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Anatomy of the uterus
The uterus is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped body, situated in the true pelvis. Its larger upper portion is termed the body or corpus uteri, and the smaller lower one the neck or cervix uteri, these two portions being separated by a constriction which is the narrowest part of the organ. The portion of the body which projects markedly above the entrances of the tubes is known as the fundus, and as the uterus is markedly flattened from before backward, an anterior and a posterior surface and two lateral margins may be recognized in it. The anterior surface is known as the vesical surface, the posterior more convex one as the intestinal surface, and the lateral margins as the right and the left. That portion of the cervix which projects into the vagina is termed the vaginal portion, while that situated above the vagina is called the supravaginal portion.
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Ovary
The ovary is the female genital gland. Like the testis, it is a paired organ, but it is much smaller; its shape is that of a markedly fattened, irregular ellipsoid.
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Physiology of the digestive absorption
It is the passage of the nutrients, the water, the electrolytes from the light of the digestive tract into the blood or the lymph.
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