method of asexual reproduction where a portion of the stem contains nodes and internodes is placed in moist soil and allowed to root

bacteria that evolved from early phototrophs and oxygenated the atmosphere; also known as blue-green algae

gymnosperm that grows in tropical climates and resembles a palm tree; member of the phylum Cycadophyta

second messenger that is derived from ATP

(also, protein kinase A, or PKA) kinase that is activated by binding to cAMP

larval stage in the early development of crustaceans

group of reversibly oxidizable and reducible proteins that forms part of the electron transport chain between photosystem II and photosystem I

technique that uses a microscope to create a map from stained chromosomes

chemical messenger that regulates cell differentiation, proliferation, gene expression, and cell trafficking to effect immune responses

plant hormone that promotes cell division

causing cell damage

entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, consisting of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals

movement of cytoplasm into an extended pseudopod such that the entire cell is transported to the site of the pseudopod

protein fiber network that collectively maintains the cell's shape, secures some organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enables unicellular organisms to move independently

the cytoplasm's gel-like material in which cell structures are suspended