article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication

connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, organs and senses in the periphery of the body

parents make few demands and rarely use punishment

long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways

study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique

consistent pattern of thought and behavior

psychosexual stage in which the focus is on the genitals

(doctor of philosophy) doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and sciences

individual’s inheritable physical characteristics

basic sound unit of a given language

changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience

changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use

domain of lifespan development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness

endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin

secretes a number of key hormones, which regulate fluid levels in the body, and a number of messenger hormones, which direct the activity of other glands in the endocrine system