Branches of the deep femoral artery
The external circumflex artery, [circumfiexa femoris interna s. posterior,] a branch of considerable size, arises from the outer side of the profunda, and, after passing outwards for a short distance beneath the sartorius and rectus muscles, and through the divisions of the anterior crural nerve, gives branches, which may be divided into three sets, according to the directions which they take.
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External iliac artery
The vessel which supplies the lower extremity forms a continuous trunk from the point of division of the common iliac artery down to the lower border of the popliteus muscle, where it divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries ; but though thus continued as a single trunk different parts of the vessel have received different names, taken from the anatomical regions through which they pass. Whilst within the pelvis, it is named iliac; in the upper two-thirds of the thigh, femoral ; and thence to its termination, popliteal. These divisions, however, are artificial, and are intended merely to facilitate reference to the vessel in different situations.
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The deep femoral artery
The deep femoral artery (a. profunda femoris), is the principal nutritious vessel of the thigh; its branches being mainly distributed to that part of the lower limb, whereas the femoral artery supplies the leg and foot. It is a vessel of considerable calibre, being nearly equal in size to the continuation of the femoral after the origin of this great branch (The artery of the lower limb, after emerging from the abdominal cavity, was described bv Murray as the common femoral, and was regarded by him as dividing into two parts, which he named respectively, the superficial, and the deep femoral arteries. These terms are often conveniently used by surgical writers for easy reference to different parts of the vessel).
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Lateral sacral arteries
The lateral sacral arteries, [a. sacrales laterales], which are usually two in number on each side, occasionally but one, arise close together from the posterior division of the internal iliac artery.
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Branches of the femoral artery
The femoral artery gives off the following branches. Some, small and superficial, which are distributed to the integument and glands of the groin, or ramify on the lower part of the abdomen, viz., the external pudic (superior and inferior), the superficial epigastric, and the superficial circumflex iliac ; the great nutrient artery of the muscles of the thigh, named the deep femoral; several small muscular branches; and lastly, the anastomotic artery, which descends on the inner side of the knee-joint.
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Ilio-lumbar artery
The ilio-lumbar artery (ilio-lumbalis, — Haller), resembles in a great measure the lumbar arteries.
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Circumflex iliac artery
The circumflex iliac artery [Latin : circumflexa ilii], smaller than the preceding vessel, arises from the outer side of the iliac artery near Poupart's ligament, and is directed outwards behind that structure to the anterior superior spine of the ilium.
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Gluteal artery
The gluteal artery,[a. glutaea] (iliaca posterior, — Haller),the largest branch of the internal iliac, is distributed to the muscles on the outside of the pelvis.
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Epigastric artery
The epigastric artery (French : Artère épigastrique ; Latin :epigastrica inferior) arises from the fore part of the external iliac artery, usually a few lines above Poupart's ligament.
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The sciatic artery
The sciatic or ischiatic artery, [a. ischiadica], the largest branch of the internal iliac artery, excepting the gluteal, is distributed to the muscles on the back of the pelvis.
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Surgical anatomy of the external iliac artery
The external iliac artery admits of being tied in a surgical operation at any part except near its upper and lower end ; the near neighbourhood of the upper end being excepted on account of the circulation through the internal iliac, and the lower end on account of the common position of the branches (epigastric and circumflex iliac). Occasional deductions from this statement occur in consequence of a branch or branches taking origin near or at the middle of the artery; and as the operator may see such a branch he will avoid placing a ligature very near it.
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Branches of the pudic artery
Before escaping from the pelvis, the pudic artery occasionally gives small and irregular branches to the muscles and to the sacral nerves : and, besides its two terminal branches, it furnishes several named branches in the perineum.
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