Surgical anatomy of the brachial artery
In the operation for tying the brachial artery, the known direction of the vessel, and the inner margin of the biceps muscle chiefly aid in determining its position. In consequence of the thinness of the parts which cover the artery, and the position of the basilic and median basilic veins, with respect to it. even the integuments must be divided with care.
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Branches of the internal carotid artery
In the neck the internal carotid artery usually gives no branch ; whilst within the carotid canal it sends a small offset to the tympanum, which anastomoses with the tympanic and stylo-mastoid arteries; within the cavernous sinus, some small branches, named arteries receptaculi, proceed from it to supply the walls of the sinus and the adjacent dura mater. One of these, distributed to the dura mater, is the anterior meningeal.
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Branches of the brachial artery
The brachial artery gives some unnamed branches, which are directed outwards and backwards to the muscles in its immediate neighbourhood, viz., to the coraco-brachialis, biceps, and brachialis anticus; the following, which incline inwards, have received names, and require description.
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Various types of bone scan
Vatious types of bone scan hide behind the bone scan terminology.
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Branches of the axillary artery
The axillary artery, gives off several branches, which supply the neighbouring structures. They consist of the branches furnished to the muscles on the chest (external thoracic) ; a large branch to the shoulder (subscapular) ; and two to the upper part of the arm (anterior circumflex and posterior circumflex). The branches are not constant in their number, Size, or mode of origin.
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The Total Volume of the Blood
In man the blood constitutes about 5 per cent, of the total body weight, in rabbits about 5 per cent., in dogs 7 or 8 per cent., in rats 61/2 per cent., in guinea-pigs 4 per cent., and in mice 6 per cent. Young animals tend to have relatively rather more blood than old individuals of the same species. Under most circumstances the volume is kept almost constant, and it is difficult to produce any material, and especially any lasting, alteration in the volume by experimental procedures.
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Axillary artery
The axillary artery [a. axillaris], that part of the artery of the upper limb which intervenes between the subclavian and the brachial portions, lies obliquely upon the upper and lateral part of the thorax, extending from the outer border of the first rib to the lower margin of the tendons of the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles. In this course it passes through the axilla or axillary space, and its direction varies with the position of the limb : when the arm hangs freely by the side, the vessel describes a curve having its concavity towards the chest; when the arm is at right angles with the trunk, the vessel is nearly straight, and if the limb be still more elevated, the concavity of the curve described by the vessel is directed upwards.
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The taenia saginata or bovine cysticercosis
The worms recluse belongs to the cestodes. They is worms dish and ribboned.
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Branches of the subclavian arteries
The three large branches which arise from the first part of the subclavian artery spring from the parent trunk very close to each other, and are deeply seated at their origin under cover of the internal jugular vein. They proceed, however, from different sides of the parent vessel, pursue different directions, and are distributed to remotely separate parts.
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Regulation of Breathing
The movements of breathing are innervated from a nervous centre situated in the medulla oblongata, in the grey substance of the floor of the fourth ventricle a little above the point of the calamus scriptorius. The part above this may be sliced away without stopping the respiratory movements, but they completely cease when the part indicated is destroyed.
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Surgical anatomy of the subclavian arteries
The subclavian artery is so deeply placed, its connexions with important parts are so intimate and varied, and the branches are so large in proportion to the length of the trunk, that operations on this vessel present, in most cases, considerable difficulties to the surgeon. But the difficulties, it will be found, vary in different cases.
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Destruction of Red Cells : Haemolysis.
During normal life destruction and regeneration of red cells is constantly going on. Why this should be so we do not know ; it is convenient to say that red corpuscles ultimately wear out, and to attribute their destruction to a process of natural senescence. How much blood is thus changed every day is unknown, nor have we any idea of the natural length of life of a red cell. The constant activity of the marrow and the steady formation of bile pigment show, however, that there is a normal destruction.
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