Capsular or suprarenal arteries
The suprarenal or capsular arteries [a. suprarenales], are two very small vessels which arise from the aorta on a level with the superior mesenteric artery, and incline obliquely outwards upon the crura of the diaphragm to reach the under surface of the suprarenal capsules, to which bodies they are distributed, anastomosing at the same time with the other capsular branches derived from the phrenic and the renal arteries. In the foetus these arteries are of large size.
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Spermatic arteries
The spermatic arteries [a.spermaticae], two small and very long vessels, arise from the fore part of the aorta, a little below the renal arteries. In the fetus they are short, as the testes, at an early period of development, are placed immediately beneath the kidneys; but the arteries become gradually lengthened as these organs are moved from the abdomen into the scrotum.
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Bifurcation of the aorta
The abdominal aorta ends by dividing into two trunks, named the common iliac arteries. The bifurcation usually takes place on the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra, a little to the left of the middle line. The point here indicated will be found nearly on a level with a line drawn from one crista of the ilium to the other, and is opposite to the left side of the umbilicus. It should, however, be observed, that the place of division is very inconstant in its position, as will be seen from the following statement.
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Renal or emulgent arteries
The renal arteries [a. renales s. emulgentes], of large diameter in proportion to the size of the organs which they supply, arise from the sides of the aorta, about half an inch below the superior mesenteric artery, that of the right side somewhat lower down than that of the left.
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Unusual pulmonary branch from the abdominal aorta
A very remarkable case is recorded of the existence of a large pulmonary branch which arose from the abdominal aorta, close to the coeliac artery, and after passing upwards through the oesophageal opening in the diaphragm, divided into two branches, which were distributed to the lungs, near their bases.
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Inferior mesenteric artery.
This artery [a. mesenterica inf. French : Artère petite mésentérique], much smaller than the superior mesenteric, supplies the left side of the colon, and the greater part of the rectum. It arises from the aorta, between an inch and two inches above the bifurcation of that trunk. The inferior mesenteric artery deviates to the left side in the direction of the left iliac fossa, from which point it descends between the layers of the meso-rectum into the pelvis, and under the name of "superior haemorrhoidal" artery, runs down behind the rectum. It lies at first close to the aorta, on its left side, and then crosses over the left common iliac artery. Its branches are the following : The left colic artery (colica sinistra), is directed to the left side behind the peritoneum, and across the left kidney to reach the descending colon.
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Middle sacral artery
The middle sacral artery, [a. sacralis media], the last of the branches of the abdominal aorta, is a small vessel, about, the size of a crowquill, which arises from the extremity of the aorta, just at its bifurcation. From this point the artery proceeds downwards upon the last lumbar vertebra and over the middle of the sacrum, as far as the coccyx, where it forms small arches of anastomosis with the lateral sacral arteries. From its anterior surface some small branches come forwards within the fold of the mesorectum, and ramify upon the posterior surface of the intestine, and on each side others spread out upon the sacrum, and anastomose with the lateral sacral arteries, occasionally sending small offsets into the anterior sacral foramina. The middle sacral artery sometimes deviates a little to the side, and proceeds, not from the bifurcation of the aorta, but from one of the common iliac arteries, usually from that of the left side. This artery represents the caudal prolongation of the aorta of animals having a tail.
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Splenic artery
The splenic artery, [a. splenica, ], in the adult the largest branch of the coeliac artery, is destined to supply the spleen, and in part the stomach and pancreas. It is directed horizontally towards the left side.
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Lumbar arteries
The lumbar arteries, [a. lumbales], are analogous to the intercostal arteries, not only in their mode of origin, direction, and size, but in a great measure in the manner of their distribution also.
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Hepatic artery
The hepatic artery, [a. hepatica, french : artère hépatique], which is intermediate in size, at least in the adult, between the coronary and splenic arteries, gives branches to the stomach, the duodenum, and the pancreas, besides supplying the liver and gall-bladder.
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Inferior phrenic arteries
The 'phrenic arteries [a. phrenicas inferiores], are two small vessels which arise from the aorta, on a level with the under surface of the diaphragm. These little arteries are very irregular in their origin. Supposing them to arise separately one from the other (which will be presently seen to be by no means a constant arrangement), most commonly one is derived from the coeliac artery close to its origin, and the other from the aorta on a level with the under surface of the diaphragm. They soon diverge from each other, and passing across the crura of the diaphragm, incline upwards and outwards upon its under surface.
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Coronary artery of the stomach.
The coronary artery of the stomach (coronaria ventriculi ; French : coronaire stomachique), the smallest of the three visceral branches derived from the coeliac artery, inclines upwards, and to the left side, to reach the cardiac orifice of the stomach.
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